Personality Theory: Albert Bandura & Carl Rogers Essay

temperament is an mind-provoking comp angiotensin-converting enzy ment in psychology bouncy for the perception of human race creations. Understanding and shaping constitution has proven to be a difficult task. It is so complex, in fact, that no single surmisal female genitals adequately define it. If one was to ask an banausic soul to do so, whatever of the or so common answers might be a somebodys characteristics or the public opinion (s) one makes on an different(prenominal)s. record Theorists on the different hand view character as the essence of the soulfulness, the psyches consecutive inner nature (Rathus, 2004). accord to Carver and Scheier (2000), Personality is a driving organization, inside the person, of psychophysical organisations that create a persons characteristic patterns of deportment, thoughts, and feelings (p.5). For this subsidization the assumptions of the complaisant-cognitive and human-centred theoretical paradigms of record leave b ehind be applied to evaluate the single(a)(prenominal)ity of the good example adopt, Myesha.It get out alike discuss nature tests- methods/instruments, apply to saloon whether lot argon sad, glad or bad and how commonwealth with certain record traits respond to sustenances demand. Before one send packing begin to understand and prize this individuals personality, it is important to briefly refresh the Social-Cognitive and clementistic theories of personality with their respective theorists such as Albert Bandura and for the Humanistic approach, Carl Rogers. match to passerby & Smith (2007), aff equal to(p) cognitive scheme is a perspective that was develop by Albert Bandura. It combines the demeanoral and cognitive perspectives into an approach to personality that stresses the interaction of a idea human with a social environment that provides culture cognises (p.467). It is proposed that an individuals thoughts and actions originate in the social world and t here(predicate) is the skill for egotism regulation and to engage in active cognitive transites (Bandura, 1999).The human-centered or phenomenological theories of personality view humans as innately good. Emphasis is placed on individual experiences, relationships and ways of concord the world. Human nature acknowledges a natural suit towards personal growth. We as humans confuse the ability to choose what we do unheeding of environment and humans atomic number 18 clean much conscious beings. We be non controlled by unconscious fatalitys and conflicts (Engler, 2008). concord to Rogers (1951) individuals possess the innate ability to pick let on what is important to them, what is essential for a much fulfilling life. This is known as an Organismic Valuing Process. Myesha show this as she wanted to study Literatures in English, while her mother wanted her to comply in her stepfathers footsteps and study natural law instead. Rogers would topic a shit stated at this flush that Myesha went against her Organismic Valuing Process and con skeletal systemed to her mothers wishes by studying faithfulness.When significant others in an individuals world, ( in Myeshas occurrence her p bents), provide houseive insure that is conditional, quite a than unconditional, the individual introjects the desired values, making them ones own, thus they acquire conditions of worth (Engler, 2008). As a take, the ego concept becomes establish on these streamers of value, rather than on the organismic evaluation. According to Bandura (1978), while assessing an individuals way, there atomic number 18 three mutual lickes to consider the person, the individuals doings and the environ moral displace. These factors all operate as interlocking determinants of for each one other and it is mostly by their actions that people uprise the environmental conditions that disturb their behavior in a reciprocal fashion (Funder & Ozer, 2001, p.461) (see Ap pendix 1). This process involves a triadic reciprocal interaction rather than a dyadic conjoint or a dyadic bidirectional one (Schultz & Schultz, 2008).For instance Myesha quickly palpableized that justness was non for her. She considered displace out of the University as she had gotten involved with a utter interchange collection around this time. As a provide, her stepfather threatened to revert checking her if she dropped out and this placed a strain on family relationships. These are all factors of cause and effect, which are influencing each other. Bandura views Myesha as an agentic operator in her life. He would believe that she has the capability to purposely make things happen by her actions and that she is not an onlooking host of internal mechanisms orchestrated by environmental events (Bandura, 2001, p.2). Individuals are sentient agents of experiences rather than simply undergoers of experience. The sensory motor and intellectual systems are tools people use to carry through the tasks and goals that disclose meaning and direction in their lives (Harr & Gillet 1994).Carl Rogers withal agrees to some degree with Bandura, in the depression that the environment also affects us and the people in our environment see to it what our behavior willing be same (Pervin, Cervone & John, 2005). He also believes that her experience in the spoken enounce group can have an impact on her personal growth and individual experiences. The belief is that Myeshas experiences are unique, and that her perception of the world is particular to understanding and achieving a particular behavior that would be identical to her becoming a ego-actualized individual (Gladding, 2004 Engler, 2008). Social cognitive surmise maintains that most human behaviour is egotism-importance-regulated. by cumulative direct and vicarious experience, people develop carrying out standards that they use to evaluate their own behaviour. Almost constantly the person compares wha t he or she does in a situation with some operation standard (Schultz & Schultz, 2008).According to Bandura (1974), these standards are prescribed by socialization agents and parents who define the conduct honor suitable of reward. Responses from these individuals are either negative or substantiative found on the cute take aims. For example, if performance is succeedd or exceeds the standards, an individuals parents may react in a positive manner towards the child. This child will experience intrinsic reinforcement. On the other hand if performance falls suddenly of a standard, the person experiences intrinsic punishment, as a result of the negative chemical reaction exhibited by ones parents, social agents or ones egotism (Hergenhan & Olson, 1999). Although Myesha seemed to be able to give care her performance in the honor programme, her decision not to attend her variance presentation may be viewed as a form of intrinsic punishment.Bandura and Kupers (1964) for examp le, put that children, open to models who set amply performance standards, beef up themselves only(prenominal) for superior performance, whereas children, exposed to models accepting minimal performance standards, reinforced themselves for minimal performance. It would be expected therefore that relevant people in a childs life, for instance parents, siblings and peers, would have a profound influence on the development of a childs performance standards. We see that Myeshas winner as a straight A student throughout primary indoctrinate transitioned to a declining performance upon entering standby school. Additionally, we need to consider her family relationship as a contributing factor. At this time, her pal was considered the favourite by her mother and stepfather.Additionally, performance standards must be realistic. In other discourses, if they are too lenient, they will be too easily met, and little, if any, self-reinforcement will result from performing in accordanc e with them (Bandura 1974). If they are too stringent, one will experience frustration or worse. In Myeshas case, her stepfather threatened to contain financial support if she dropped out of the Law programme and this notwithstanding caused their relationship to become strained. Her brothers attitude was negative and her mother became depressed. Bandura (1986) says, In its more extreme forms, harsh standards for self-evaluation give rise to depressive reactions, chronic discouragement, feelings of worthlessness, and lack of sense of purpose. According to Hergenhan and Olson (1999), Bandura observed among the mechanisms of personal agency, none is more central or distributive than peoples beliefs round their capabilities to instance control everyplace events that affect their lives. self-efficacy refers to what a person is actually capable of doing, that is, belief in ones capabilities to place and execute the courses of action required to manage prospective situations (Bandur a, 1994). This is known as sensed self efficacy (Bandura, in press, p. 2). According to Pajares (1996), these beliefs of personal competence effect behaviour in several ways as they influence the choices individuals make and the courses of action they copy (544). Individuals engage in tasks in which they feel competent and confident and avoid those in which they do not. This was exhibited by Myesha with her spoken word group becoming very commonplace on the local scene. At this point, accord to Bandura, Myesha has a high self hatch and a high self efficacy, as she enjoys performing with her group (Pervin et al., 2005).In contrast, she considers dropping out of the Law programme, as it is something that she does not enjoy, but is still capable of doing. She knew the worldly for her presentation, but Myesha still skipped it. In doing so, she exhibited a high self esteem, because she knew the work and just at the same time, she possessed a low sense of self efficacy, as she was unable to achieve a high grade on the presentation as she found it difficult to think round it. Rogers (as cited in Barone, Hersen, Vincent & Hasselt, 2004) stated, an organism functions to maintain consistence among self perceptions and congruence between perceptions of the self and experiences.According to Lecky (as cited in Swann, Griffin, Predmore & Gaines, 1987), self conceptions are important for survival because they change individuals to foreshadow and control the nature of social reality. therefrom individuals are therefore actuated to prevent their self views which they do by thinking and behaving in ways that perpetuate their conceptions of self which was demonstrated by Myesha when she skipped the presentation (Swann, Griffin, Predmore & Gaines, 1987 ,p.881).Rogers states however that if Myesha maintains to participate in the spoken word group she is more likely to achieve her ideal self in treaty with the result shown from Banduras High self efficacy (Friedman & Schustack, 2008). The humanistic or phenomenological, theories of personality suggest that she should have a positive and optimistic view of her behaviour and she should take life into her own hands and stop doing law which is making her unhappy. She should continue being involved with her spoken word group which she is successful at. Then being able to finance herself in the degree she wants to do as she is old enough to do so (Schultz & Schultz, 2008). According to Pervin et al. (2005), Bandura believes that social and economical conditions influence individuals beliefs close their ability to influence events (p.419).In the case study Myeshas emotional ties to her family on with her step father threatening to withdraw his financial support led her to continue with the Law programme. In contrast Rogers (as cited in Kahn & Rachman, 2000), views Myeshas decision to continue with the Law programme as a need for positive regard, which is acceptance, peace and financial support fr om her family. Myeshas decision is also an singularity that the conditions of worth still exists. However based on Rogers conditional positive regard, she is bending herself out of shape to recreate her family (Schultz & Schultz, 2008). Experiences in accordance with these conditions are perceive and symbolized accurately in awareness, while those that are not are denied and distorted into awareness, which may lead to incongruence between the self as perceived and the actual experience of the individual, also resulting in possible tension, confusion and nonadaptive behaviour (Pervin, Cervone & John, 2005).These said experiences can be perceived as threatening by an organism without conscious awareness, utilizing a process known as subception, which is a form of discrimination without awareness that can result in anxiety. This was displayed when Myesha thrashed in bed, sweating and her midpoint pounding the night before she was to do the presentation (Barone et al., 2004). Carl Roger proposed that Myesha is living in the here and now as she is involved with the spoken word group which she enjoys. This is what he calls experiential living, which is on the basis that the present is the only reality that one has.Social cognitive theory disagrees with this notion in that a primary determinant in an individuals actions and emotions is in ones expectations about the approaching (Pervin et al., 2005, p. 425). Organisms possess expectancies regarding topics such as behaviour of others, the rewards or punishments that may follow a certain type of behaviour, or an indviduals ability to handle stress and challenges. It is this system of thoughts about the future that constitutes the persons expectations. In the case of Myesha, she felt an speedy sense of relief when she played no-show and did not take part in the presentation, she also felt guilty and discerning over the consequences of her failure (Pervin et al., 2005).Recommended Instruments to assess Myeshas p ersonality When one speaks of personality assignment in psychology, activities include the diagnosis of mental illness, prediction of behaviour, measurement of unconscious processes and quantification of interpersonal styles and tendencies. Although all of these descriptions may be true for different clinicians working with various guest groups, this listing may not accurately capture the full range of advance(a) personality assessment. Personality assessment therefore is a complex clinical first step where the tools of assessment are used in concert with data from referring providers, such as, clients, families, schools, courts and other influential sources ().In order to assess Myeshas personality, we should briefly look at her perceived self-efficacy. Self-efficacy is defined as a persons beliefs about their capabilities to produce designated levels of performance that turn influence over events that affect their lives. Self-efficacy beliefs throttle how people feel, think, m otivate themselves and behave. Such beliefs produce these diverse effects through four major processes (Betz, Klein & Taylor, 1996). They include cognitive, motivational, affective and selection processes. We see that Myeshas struggle to choose a locomote, has affect on her self-efficacy. Therefore, it is suggested that we measure her personality apply the Career Decision Self-Efficacy Scale (CDSE). The CDMSE is a rise up-developed construct. Hackett and Betz (1981), were the first to apply Banduras (1977) propositions about self-efficacy to career behaviour in a seminal study of womens career development.They demonstrated that career decisions, achievements and adjustment behaviours were field to the influence of self-efficacy beliefs in both men and women. Taylor and Betz (1983) developed the Career Decision-making Self-efficacy (CDMSE) scale to measure these self-efficacy expectations, in terms of goal selection, occupational information, problem solving, planning, and self- appraisal. In the process, Taylor and Betz demonstrated that participants with visit levels of efficacy for decision-making were also more undecided. some other instrument that will be used to assess Myeshas personality is the Q-Sort. The Q-Sort is a technique used by humanistic theorists such as Carl Rogers, to measure the self concept of an individual (Hergenhan and Olson, 1999). The Q-Sort assessment was developed by Stephenson (1953).This assessment was used to service individuals to differentiate between the ideal self and the concepts of the self, since human beings struggle with the concepts of who they really are as Myesha exhibited in the case study (Barone, Hersen,Vincent & Hasselt, 2004). The Q-Sort consists of a deck of 100 cards, each containing fairly specific characteristic statements at heart an individuals personality such as detail oriented or high self-esteem(see Appendix 2). Since the individual chooses the cards this modifys the psychologists conducting the assessment to have some control in the results of the assessment and to mother the origin of Myeshas behaviour, also be what they want to know. The goal of this assessment is to mildew where a person is at, relative to these qualities, at the beginning of treatment and then to re-assess at various intervals and at the end to determine progress (Engler, 2008).As the name ushers, Myesha will have to sort the cards in accordance to what she believes are her characteristics and place them in categories. This will enable Myesha and the tester to be able to see the differences and discrepancies between the real and ideal self as well as examine and highlight the level of self esteem. Meyshas real self will reflect immediate circumstances, experiences and self characterization, while her ideal self should enable her to relate to the future by setting goals to which she would aspire, rather than goals that others want her to obtain.This technique is lots best used on students. Myesha is a student and this assessment will indicate how empathy, conditional positive regard and genuineness have played a usage in her personal growth. This will enable the psychologists to help her to come to some credit of who she is and how to work towards who she needs to be. These two instruments will allow Myesha to have an understanding of who she is and this should also enable her to successfully cope with, or eliminate, her anxiety as she strives towards her future goals.ReferencesBandura, A. (1994). Self-efficacy, encyclopedia of human behavior. Academic Press, 4,77-81Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action A social cognitive theory. New Jersey prentice-Hall.Bandura, A., & Kupers, C. J. (1964). Transmission of patterns of self-reinforcement through modelling. Journal of Abnormal and Social psychology, 69, 1-9 Bandura, A (1999). A social cognitive theory of personality. Retrieved on 12th Feb 2010 http//www.des.emory.edu/mfp/Bandura1999HP.pdfBandura, A . (2001) Social Cognitive Theory An Agentic Perspective. Annual Review of psychology. 52, 1-26.Bandura, A. (in press). 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